{"id":9863,"date":"2023-06-21T12:07:26","date_gmt":"2023-06-21T12:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lovepaper.org\/vyznam-papirovych-materialu-ve-vzdelavani\/"},"modified":"2026-08-21T12:10:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T12:10:10","slug":"vyznam-papirovych-materialu-ve-vzdelavani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lovepaper.org\/cs\/vyznam-papirovych-materialu-ve-vzdelavani\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdznam pap\u00edrov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Za posledn\u00edch zhruba 20 let pronikla technologie t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed na\u0161eho \u017eivota. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f a p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zm\u011bnilo zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm komunikujeme, jak z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me informace a jak pracujeme a u\u010d\u00edme se.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

A\u010dkoli jsou mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto zm\u011bn nepochybn\u011b pozitivn\u00ed, objevuje se st\u00e1le v\u00edce d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee tomu tak nen\u00ed v\u017edy. Jak si v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku uk\u00e1\u017eeme, v\u011bdci za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed zpochyb\u0148ovat rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1vislost na technologi\u00edch ve v\u00fduce.<\/p>\n\n

V posledn\u00edch 10 a\u017e 15 letech doch\u00e1z\u00ed ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch k postupn\u00e9mu p\u0159echodu od pap\u00edrov\u00fdch v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm a online form\u00e1m. Tento p\u0159echod se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zrychlil b\u011bhem pandemie, kdy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny \u0161koly p\u0159e\u0161ly na online v\u00fduku. V\u00fdzkumy uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee tato rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1vislost na digit\u00e1ln\u00edch metod\u00e1ch a zdroj\u00edch m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovat schopnost \u017e\u00e1k\u016f u\u010dit se a zapamatovat si informace. Rostou tak\u00e9 obavy ohledn\u011b dopadu digit\u00e1ln\u00edch technologi\u00ed na du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed versus pap\u00edrov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly: Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

V roce 2018 v\u011bdci z Izraele a \u0160pan\u011blska analyzovali 54 studi\u00ed, do nich\u017e bylo zapojeno v\u00edce ne\u017e 171 000 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f a kter\u00e9 srovn\u00e1valy \u010dten\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch a ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch text\u016f. Zjistili, \u017ee porozum\u011bn\u00ed textu bylo celkov\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 \u010detli ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 texty ne\u017e digit\u00e1ln\u00ed.[1]<\/p>\n\n

Podobn\u011b studie zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed miliony student\u016f st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161kol ve 36 zem\u00edch Organizace pro hospod\u00e1\u0159skou spolupr\u00e1ci a rozvoj (OECD) zjistila, \u017ee ti, kte\u0159\u00ed ve \u0161kole intenzivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, \u201edosahuj\u00ed mnohem hor\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b oblast\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed, a to i po zohledn\u011bn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1zem\u00ed a demografick\u00fdch charakteristik student\u016f\u201c. Stejn\u00e1 studie tak\u00e9 odhalila, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1ci \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edku (ve v\u011bku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9\u201310 let), \u201ekte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali tablety ve v\u0161ech nebo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech hodin\u00e1ch, dosahovali v pr\u016fm\u011bru o 14 bod\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f ve \u010dten\u00ed ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed je nikdy nepou\u017e\u00edvali \u2013 tento rozd\u00edl odpov\u00edd\u00e1 cel\u00e9mu ro\u010dn\u00edku\u201c.[2]<\/p>\n\n

Patricia Alexanderov\u00e1 je psycholo\u017eka na Univerzit\u011b v Marylandu v USA, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00edm, jak se u\u010d\u00edme. Zjistila, \u017ee a\u010dkoli si studenti mysl\u00ed, \u017ee se p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed online nau\u010d\u00ed v\u00edce, testy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee se ve skute\u010dnosti nau\u010d\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho textu. \u010c\u00e1st probl\u00e9mu lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst rychlosti, s jakou obvykle \u010dteme text na obrazovce, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161inu tvo\u0159\u00ed snadno srozumiteln\u00e9 textov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy nebo p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch; ale pokud jde o \u010dten\u00ed slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed na obrazovce, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u00edce pozornosti a p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed st\u00e1le tendenci je sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159el\u00e9t\u00e1vat, ne\u017e je po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b \u010d\u00edst.[3]<\/p>\n\n

Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee n\u00e1s \u010dten\u00ed na internetu vyb\u00edz\u00ed k rychl\u00e9mu \u010dten\u00ed, obvykle s sebou nese i posouv\u00e1n\u00ed str\u00e1nky, co\u017e mozku m\u016f\u017ee zt\u011b\u017eovat vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed ment\u00e1ln\u00edch map, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zapamatovat si informace. P\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 knihy nap\u0159\u00edklad snadno zjist\u00edte, na kter\u00e9 str\u00e1nce se zhruba nach\u00e1z\u00edte, ale p\u0159i posouv\u00e1n\u00ed textu na obrazovce je to mnohem obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Mal\u00e1 studie zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 v roce 2019 nav\u00edc odhalila, \u017ee mozek m\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017ee s vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm ment\u00e1ln\u00edch map nejen p\u0159i posouv\u00e1n\u00ed textu: kdy\u017e byla skupina 50 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1na, aby si p\u0159e\u010detla 28str\u00e1nkov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich \u010detli ti\u0161t\u011bnou verzi a ostatn\u00ed \u010detli p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh v elektronick\u00e9 knize; ti, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010detli ti\u0161t\u011bnou verzi, porozum\u011bli chronologii d\u011bje l\u00e9pe ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010detli digit\u00e1ln\u00ed verzi.[4]<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdhody pap\u00edrov\u00fdch v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f se neomezuj\u00ed pouze na \u010dten\u00ed; psan\u00ed na pap\u00edr nam\u00edsto psan\u00ed na kl\u00e1vesnici m\u016f\u017ee rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159in\u00e9st lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky. Studie z roku 2014 [5] porovn\u00e1vala v\u00fdsledky student\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed si p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky zapisovali ru\u010dn\u011b, s t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed si pozn\u00e1mky po\u0159izovali na notebooku. P\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed student\u016f jim bylo p\u0159ed testem povoleno 10 minut si sv\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky prohl\u00e9dnout; \u201eti, kte\u0159\u00ed si d\u011blali ru\u010dn\u011b psan\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky, dos\u00e1hli lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f jak u faktick\u00fdch, tak u koncep\u010dn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Auto\u0159i studie dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee \u201epou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed notebook\u016f m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovlivnit v\u00fdsledky ve \u0161koln\u00edch testech, a to i \u2013 nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na \u2013 v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n k p\u016fvodn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu, tedy k usnadn\u011bn\u00ed po\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed pozn\u00e1mek\u2026 Z tohoto d\u016fvodu by se k pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed notebook\u016f ve t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch m\u011blo p\u0159istupovat s n\u00e1le\u017eitou opatrnost\u00ed; navzdory jejich rostouc\u00ed popularit\u011b mohou notebooky ve t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u00edce \u0161kody ne\u017e u\u017eitku.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi \u010dten\u00edm ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a \u010dten\u00edm na obrazovce jsou mo\u017en\u00e1 ru\u0161iv\u00e9 vlivy. Kdy\u017e \u010dteme z obrazovky, jsme v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159ipojeni k dal\u0161\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed vyskakovac\u00ed okna a upozorn\u011bn\u00ed ze soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed, e-mail\u016f a textov\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v \u2013 to v\u0161e odv\u00e1d\u00ed na\u0161i pozornost a naru\u0161uje soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed. I ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m, v z\u00e1vislosti na \u0161koln\u00edch pravidlech, zejm\u00e9na pokud technicky zdatn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci v\u011bd\u00ed, jak obej\u00edt firewally a dal\u0161\u00ed omezen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed versus pap\u00edrov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly: du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

Rostou obavy ohledn\u011b dopadu digit\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edry \u00fazkosti a deprese. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee studenti tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jak ve \u0161kole, tak i mimo ni, nemaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dnou mo\u017enost odpo\u010dinku od neust\u00e1l\u00fdch podn\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jim poskytuj\u00ed. Pap\u00edrov\u00e9 v\u00fdukov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed nejen kognitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy, ale tak\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed tolik pot\u0159ebnou p\u0159est\u00e1vku od digit\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n\n

Studie proveden\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky z Washingtonsk\u00e9 univerzity zjistila, \u017ee u student\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali pap\u00edrov\u00e9 di\u00e1\u0159e, se p\u0159\u00edznaky \u00fazkosti a deprese vyskytovaly m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ne\u017e u t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali digit\u00e1ln\u00ed di\u00e1\u0159e. Do studie, publikovan\u00e9 v roce 2017, se zapojilo 264 student\u016f bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho studia, kte\u0159\u00ed byli n\u00e1hodn\u011b rozd\u011bleni do skupin pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch bu\u010f pap\u00edrov\u00fd di\u00e1\u0159, nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed di\u00e1\u0159. V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee studenti, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali pap\u00edrov\u00fd di\u00e1\u0159, vykazovali ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u00fazkosti a deprese ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali digit\u00e1ln\u00ed di\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n\n

Negativn\u00ed vliv digit\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se neomezuje pouze na jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem dne. Modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyza\u0159uj\u00ed, m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 vliv na kvalitu na\u0161eho sp\u00e1nku. Studie proveden\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky z Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzity v Los Angeles zjistila, \u017ee lidem, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dtou z tabletu, trv\u00e1 d\u00e9le, ne\u017e usnou, maj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b REM sp\u00e1nku a r\u00e1no se c\u00edt\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b odpo\u010dat\u00ed ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dtou z pap\u00edrov\u00e9 knihy.[6]<\/p>\n\n

\u0160patn\u00e1 kvalita sp\u00e1nku s sebou m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et \u0159adu negativn\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f. Krom\u011b dopadu, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 nedostatek sp\u00e1nku na du\u0161evn\u00ed pohodu, zvy\u0161uje tak\u00e9 riziko obezity, cukrovky a kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady jsou jen n\u011bkolika z \u0159ady st\u00e1le rostouc\u00edho po\u010dtu v\u00fdzkum\u016f, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee odstran\u011bn\u00ed pap\u00edrov\u00fdch v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt negativn\u00ed dopad na schopnost \u017e\u00e1k\u016f u\u010dit se a zapamatovat si informace, stejn\u011b jako na jejich celkovou pohodu.<\/p>\n\n

Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u00edm, jak lid\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pap\u00edr jako vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed m\u00e9dium, jsou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a online n\u00e1stroje st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b v plenk\u00e1ch a je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b mnoho v\u00fdzkumu ohledn\u011b jejich dopadu na na\u0161e \u017eivoty, a\u0165 u\u017e pozitivn\u00edho, nebo negativn\u00edho. Proto mus\u00edme zpochybnit rychlost \u2013 i samotn\u00e9 pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159echodu od pap\u00edrov\u00fdch k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm a online v\u00fdukov\u00fdm materi\u00e1l\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u00edce o v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 roli pap\u00edru ve v\u00fduce a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n

Dopad digit\u00e1ln\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na studenty<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee \u010dten\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f vede k lep\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm v oblasti gramotnosti<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 knihy versus elektronick\u00e9 knihy<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed chudoba a jej\u00ed dopad na \u0161koly a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n

\u00daskal\u00ed bezpap\u00edrov\u00e9 u\u010debny<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pro\u010d je ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 forma nezbytn\u00e1 pro budoucnost vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Pro\u010d by digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah mohl b\u00fdt pro mozek \u0161kodliv\u00fd<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Zdroje<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
  1. https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/learn-comprehension-reading-digital-screen-paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n
  2. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2019\/12\/19\/131155\/classroom-technology-holding-students-back-edtech-kids-education\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n
  3. https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/learn-comprehension-reading-digital-screen-paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n
  4. https:\/\/www.tutordoctor.co.uk\/blog\/2022\/january\/why-paper-based-learning-is-an-important-part-of\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n
  5. https:\/\/journalistsresource.org\/education\/longhand-versus-laptop-note-taking\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n
  6. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-30574260<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Za posledn\u00edch zhruba 20 let pronikla technologie t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed na\u0161eho \u017eivota. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f a p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zm\u011bnilo zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm komunikujeme, jak z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me informace a jak pracujeme a u\u010d\u00edme se. A\u010dkoli jsou mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto zm\u011bn nepochybn\u011b pozitivn\u00ed, objevuje se st\u00e1le v\u00edce d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee tomu tak nen\u00ed v\u017edy. Jak si v […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9853,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1745],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vzdelavani"],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00fdznam pap\u00edrov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed - Love Paper<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lovepaper.org\/cs\/vyznam-papirovych-materialu-ve-vzdelavani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00fdznam pap\u00edrov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed - Love Paper\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Za posledn\u00edch zhruba 20 let pronikla technologie t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed na\u0161eho \u017eivota. 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